Analysis of Family Waste Production

Analysis of Family Waste Production What is the amount of waste produced by my household Over 42 million cubic meters of general waste is generated every year across the country, with the largest proportion coming from Gauteng (42%). In addition, more than 5 million cubic meters of hazardous waste are produced every year, mostly in Mpumalanga and KZN due to the increase of mining activities and fertilizer production. The amount of waste generated by the average South African is  ± 0.7 kg’s. Which means the average 4 person families produces  ± 2.8 kg’s a day. But the largest contributors to the solid waste stream by far is mining waste ( ± 72.3%), followed by pulverized fuel ash ( ± 6.7%), agricultural waste ( ± 6.1%), urban waste ( ± 4.5%) and sewage sludge ( ± 3.6%). Estimated decomposition rates of most debris found in landfills are: Foamed plastic cups: 50 years Plastic beverage holder: 400 years Disposable diapers: 450 year Plastic bottle: 450 years Fishing line: 600 years. Glass bottle 1 million years Aluminum can: 80-200 years Plastic beverage bottles: 450 years Boot sole: 50-80 years Tin can: 50 years Leather: 50 years Nylon fabric: 30-40 years Plastic film canister: 20-30 years Plastic bag: 10-20 years () Cigarette filter: 1-5 years Wool sock: 1-5 years Plywood: 1-3 years Waxed milk carton: 3 months Apple core: 2 months Newspaper: 6 weeks Paper: 2 to 5 months Banana peel: 2-5 weeks Orange peel: 6 months Paper towel: 2-4 weeks Batteries: 100 years [figure 1.1 in appendix 1] The percentage contribution of each waste stream to the composition of general waste is illustrated in Figure 1 [Appendix 3]. Non-recyclable municipal waste contributes 34% (by weight) of the overall general waste, construction and demolition waste, 21%, followed by metals (14%), organic waste 13% and mainline recyclables (including paper, plastics, glass and tyres )(18%). {See reference page Ref. for sourcing} Hypothesis My family produces a average amount of waste. Aim The aim of this experiment is to view and record my households daily waste generation and compare it to the average waste production of the average South African family. Apparatus Kitchen scale Bag (for measuring weight of bag not included in results) Paper (recording results) Pen (writing down results) Variables Independent Variables The amount of people in my household (does not changed by choice) Dependent variables The amount of waste produced by my household Fixed variables The bag used to take measurements When I take the measurements Method Take the trash and dived it into 6 different categories (glass, plastic, tin, paper cardboard, organics and non-recyclables). Weigh each category separately and record the results Calculate the total for the day Repeat daily for a week calculating the total at the end of the week as well as the averages of each category Repeat for 3 weeks See appendix 2 for results Conclusion I have to say that my results are inconclusive because my findings fluctuate and I was unable to undertake more tests. To improve my results I would Extent the testing period to about least 5 months instead of 3 weeks to view if the results change according to season My household recycles  ± 95% of all of its recyclable materials and all organic materials are either fed to the animals or are thrown onto a compost heap (apart from bones) My family will soon institute a policy of cutting down on the amount of Non-recycleable materials purchased Figure 1.1: Johannesburg city landfill The following tables contain the results of the experiment all measurements are in kilograms Figure 3.1 [The waste composition for general waste, 2011 (percentage by mass), other, which is mainly biomass waste from industrial sources) ] {See reference page Ref 1 for sourcing} Graph and percentages have been adapted from the national waste information baseline report draft 6, 5 September 2012 Published by: Department of Environmental Affairs Monkeyland: South African waste facts http://www.monkeyland.co.za/index.php?comp=articleop=viewid=2790

American Superiority Essay -- essays research papers

In his series of essays and "letters" on American life, Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crevecoeur gives his readers numerous examples of the superiority of America to all other countries of that time. He believes that one reason for superiority is that America is with out the aristocracy so prevalent in Europe at the time, which led to a hard working and socially equal society. Another reason Crevecoeur sees America as a superior society is the accepting, and assimilating into one new race, the poor peoples from all European countries. This led to an extraordinarily diverse population, much more diverse than any one of the European countries eight-tenth century. It was for these reasons, as well as many others that Crevecoeur saw America as the greatest nation of the 1700’s. Crevecoeur admires the equality and the freedom of the American people. He sees life without the harsh rule of kings and bishops as much more easy going and pleasing to the general public. The lack of an established aristocracy allows for the rich and the poor to intermingle and exchange ideas in a way never thought before in Europe. The classes were also brought to a single level by the fact that all people in the colonies had to work to survive. The rich and poor alike had to, at first, work their own land to supply food and income to support themselves and their families. This requirement for work led to the American people being very industries and self sufficient, even under adverse conditions....

Are the Classical Functions Put Forward in 1949 Still Valid?

Academics for years have been pondering the effectiveness of classical approaches to newer conceptualizations within management functions. Are the classical functions put forward by Henri Fayol in 1949 still valid and true today? , or are the theories put forward by other academics such as Mintzberg more valid? , or would the scientific type management concepts be more fitting?. To answer such questions this report examines two Journal journals, â€Å"Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial work? † (Journal 1) and â€Å"Some effects of Fayolism† (Journal 2).By analyzing the different arguments put forward, I aim to conclude which theory is more appropriate to management study today. In journal 1, Carroll and Gillen examine newer conceptualizations of a manager’s job, and compare its findings to that of Fayol’s classical approach. The basis of this evaluation is to determine which approach is more useful in determining the rol e of management for the purpose of management education. Journal 2 draws on Fayol’s theory of a set of activities that are common to all organizations, to prove the developed management functions.It then evaluates and compares’ this notion with that of Fredrick Taylor with reference to management fashions to determine which theory is more accurate and relevant to managerial conceptualization today. Journal 1 merits Fayol’s theory, in referring to the significance it has had in studying management. In examining 21 books published from 1983 to 1986, he found that all books mentioned Fayol’s functions to some degree. Fayol’s four classical management functions (POLC): Planning, Organizing, Leading & Controlling, have been adopted as the foundation for management study for a long time.Upon evaluating Fayol’s theory, empirical studies expanded Fayol’s functions to eight functions, now known as the PRINCESS factors (planning, representing, investigating, negotiating, coordinating, evaluating, supervising and staffing). In support of Fayol’s claims, such functions apply to ‘all’ forms of management. The author refers to a number of studies and experiments to show that time invested in the classical functions have brought positive results in areas such as organization performance, unit performance, managerial mobility and higher production records.Upon the empirical studies, there is sufficient evidence to merit the classical approach in its functions being used by managers. However Mintzberg did not agree with Fayol’s theory. Mintzberg felt that â€Å"Fayol’s fifty year description of managerial work is no longer of use to us† (Mintzberg, 1971 pp 39). Mintzberg proposed a different model consisting of ten work roles; interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader and liaison), informational roles (monitor or nerve center, disseminator and spokesman) and decision-making (entrepreneur, d isturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator).However this model came under scrutiny by competing theorists. The author used many examples and refers to experiments done by other academics to criticize Mintzberg’s theory. McCall and Segrist (1980) limited the number of roles Mintzberg claimed, on the basis that certain roles overlapped each other and could not be called separate. Lau, Newman and Broedling (1980) limited the model to four factors (leadership and supervision, information gathering and dissemination, technical problem solving, and executive decision making) upon the findings of their experiment.The flaws within the Mintzberg Model rose due to the ‘observable physical’ approach taken. The journal stresses the importance of analyzing ‘neurophysiological activities’, as measuring physical managerial activities alone does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the managerial role, as it is rather a prominent ‘mentalâ₠¬â„¢ role. Non classical conceptualizations of managerial work (Mintzberg, Stewart etc. ) help define the nature of managerial work.However Fayol’s classical approach best conceptualizes management functions and a manager’s job, so it is the best source to be used for educational purposes. Journal 2 addresses two perspectives of management to evaluate the concepts of management fashion and its management recommendations. There is a logical supposition that organizations must strive to be unique in their business operations to have a fair chance of success, within competition. However the idea of management states presumes resemblance in all businesses, which calls for the profession of ‘managers’ to exist (Brunsson, 2008 pp33).This journal also recognizes the merit of Fayol’s theory in molding Management conceptualization. Furthermore recognizes the success of management recommendations listed by other theorists such as Mintzberg and Kotter, who ref er to Fayol’s functions to a respected degree. However the journal does not recognize any relationship between Fayol’s functions and organizational performance. Brunsson refers to Fredrick Taylor’s ‘bottom-up’ view to address this issue. Discussing managements recommendations in terms of fashions imply; â€Å"dissatisfaction ith the existing recommendations, and ambition to improve these recommendations, a sentiment that efforts at improvement, at least some of them fail, and some management recommendations should not be seen to belong to any management fashion. † (Brunsson, 2008 pp33) The journal promotes general management as a system of defining and classifying in order to improve organizational decision making. However empirical studies of managers shows an ‘mish-mash’ of those activities, implying Fayol’s theory of management has taken precedence of importance over the reality of management activities.This evidence ha s raised a new idea, that Fayol’s approach is no longer valid and â€Å"management order varies depending on the situation of a manager, and the position and personality of the manager† (Brunsson, 2008 pp42). If Fayol’s approach was scrutinized and his notion of general management was questioned, then Taylor’s scientific management concept may have prevailed and taken precedence. Both journals express the relevance and importance of Fayol’s classical approach to the development of Management study to date. However journal 1 implies that Fayol’s classical approach is more useful than other conceptualizing theories put forward.Journal 2 implies that the Fredrick Taylor’s scientific management principles are a more suitable and effective notion to define Management over the classical approach. In my opinion, Fayol’s classical approach holds the most credibility in studying management. I believe the depth to understanding manageria l concepts has no boundaries, due to the complexity of its study. As a result many theorists have attempted to understand this subject, and have criticized each other’s work, which proves there are no set guidelines to follow, it is rather subjective to its audience.However in my opinion Fayol’s four functions, cover the basis of activities involved to perform managerial duties. This statement is supported by the fact that it is a widely accepted approach and is used in all management textbooks. Fayol’s theory helps identify the functions clearly and distinctly. Managers are faced with decision making processes that have high impact on organizations. They are put into that role in the competitive industry, due to their understanding of managerial roles, so they can perform to their level best, and benefit the organization.Therefore as Fayol stated, it is important for managers to undergo training. Other theories put forward such as Mintzberg’s model, Kott er and Taylor’s scientific management approach, help us understand certain management functions in depth. I do not agree with some elements in Taylor’s scientific approach as to the difference in managerial work to Fayol’s theory which consists or a system of order. I believe that even in the ‘mish mash’ of overall managerial activities, there is a system of order and a logical process followed for each activity performed.However it is clear, that these theories are a product of evaluation on the initial Fayol’s classical theory. Therefore I believe Fayol’s classical approach still holds precedent, for purpose of managerial study and educational purposes. ? Reference list Brunsson, K. H, (2008), Some Effects of Fayolism, Int. Studies of Mgt. & Org. , 38, (1), 30-47 Carroll, S. J & Gillen, J. G, (1987), Are the Classical Management Functions useful in describing Managerial work? , Academy of Management review, 12, (1), 38-51

Essay on CWV101 - 914 Words

Mark 8:29 Worksheet Lily Smithers CWV-101 7/14/15 Ana torres Please address each question below with complete sentences and clear, specific explanation. The total word count of your writing should be between 750-1,250 words. 1. Select one teaching of Jesus from one of the following Bible verses: Matthew 5:21-24, Matthew 5:43-48, Matthew 6:19-24, Matthew 7:15-23, Luke 15:1-32, John 13:1-17 34-35, John 15:1-11. Answer the following questions: a. What was Jesus’ point in the teaching? In Matthew 5:43-48, Jesus is teaching that In Matthew 5:21-24, Jesus addresses his followers and states that killing someone is subjected to the judgment. This is a thought, which we all understand in the society because taking someone’s life is directly†¦show more content†¦What is the significance of this claim? In Mark 2:1-12, the story of healing of a paralytic man is told. Jesus heals this man in front of so-called non-believers in His power. In fact, when He poses the question that â€Å"Why are you thinking these things? Which is easier: to say to this paralyzed man, ‘Your sins are forgiven,’ or to say, ‘Get up, take your mat and walk’? (Mark 2:1-12) There are symbolic reflections of this rhetorical question. On the one hand, Jesus justifies that it is preferable to forgive the sins to heal someone directly. He conveys the message that being the Son of Man, he has the authority and ministry to ‘forgive’ the sins of that paralytic man, however, instead of approaching the healing or the removal of physical ailment, he deals with the matter impressively because he has to give a message to the non-believers in God’s power. He clearly mentions that men have the power to forgive because this ability is God’s virtue. Man is the live reflect ion of God and thus, he can perform the act of forgiveness and become great in life. 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